Fight or flight: Violent teens may be following parents' lead

ScienceDaily (Apr. 29, 2012) ? While it may be cute when a 3-year-old imitates his parent's bad behavior, when adolescents do so, it's no longer a laughing matter.

Teens who fight may be modeling what they see adult relatives do or have parents with pro-fighting attitudes, according to a study to be presented April 29, at the Pediatric Academic Societies (PAS) annual meeting in Boston.

"Parents and other adults in the family have a substantial influence on adolescents' engagement in fighting," said Rashmi Shetgiri, MD, FAAP, lead author of the study. "Interventions to prevent fighting, therefore, should involve parents and teens."

Dr. Shetgiri, assistant professor of pediatrics at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Medical Center, Dallas, and her colleagues conducted 12 focus groups with 65 middle and high school students to discuss why youths fight and how violence can be prevented. Groups were divided by race/ethnicity and whether students were fighters or nonfighters based on self-report.

Youths said they fight to defend themselves or others, to gain or maintain respect, to respond to verbal insults or because they are angry due to other stressors. Girls also cited gossip or jealousy as reasons for fighting.

The discussions showed that parental attitudes toward fighting and parental role modeling of aggressive behavior influence youth fighting. Family attitudes also may prevent youths from fighting. Many Latino students, for example, noted that their parents condoned fighting only when physically attacked and said not wanting to hurt or embarrass their parents could prevent them from fighting.

Peers also can have a positive or negative influence on fighting by de-escalating situations or encouraging violence.

The conversations also revealed that nonfighters use various strategies to avoid confrontations such as walking away, ignoring insults or joking to diffuse tension. Fighters, however, said they are unable to ignore insults and are aware of few other conflict-resolution methods.

Potential interventions suggested by youths include anger and stress management programs led by young adults who have overcome violence, and doctors counseling youths about the consequences of fighting.

"Our study suggested that there may be differences between boys and girls, and racial/ethnic groups in risk and protective factors for fighting," Dr. Shetgiri concluded. "This has important implications for violence prevention programs and individuals working with violent teens."

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by American Academy of Pediatrics.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

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Stonehenge's eerie reverberations re-created

Scott Thompson / Maryhill Museum file

Maryhill Museum's concrete replica of Stonehenge was designed to duplicate the ancient English monument.

By Alan Boyle

British researchers conducted experiments at a Stonehenge stand-in as well as the actual 5,000-year-old monument to determine how sounds echoed within the ancient circle of stones?? and they found that the sounds would have taken on an eerie reverberation.

"We can expect such a space to have a striking effect on someone of that time, identical to what we feel nowadays when we go into a church," the University of Salford's Bruno Fazenda, who orchestrated the research project, told me in an email.

The study is described on the university's website in a technical analysis as well as a news release issued last week, but the upshot is that the Neolithic people who gathered inside the circle could well have had a religious aural experience. That meshes with the view of most archaeologists that the monument on England's Salisbury Plain took on the trappings of a place of healing?? a "Neolithic Lourdes," if you will.


It's not easy to reconstruct the sounds of ancient Stonehenge: For one thing, many of the standing stones are missing from what was thought to be their original places, ruining the acoustic arrangement. For another thing, researchers are not allowed to run electrical power out to the site, or bring in a generator. That limits the types of sound equipment and scientific instruments that can be used on site.

Replicating the reverb
Fazenda and his colleagues from the University of Huddersfield and the University of Bristol found a couple of clever solutions to those challenges. They brought air-filled balloons to the Stonehenge site in 2009, then popped the balloons with a needle and recorded the reverb with a microphone and a digital field recorder. The reflected sounds of the pops were hard to make out, but they appeared to follow a pattern of 1-second reverberation time at midfrequencies, for locations that were within the ruins of the stone circle.

To study the reverberation patterns in detail, the team headed off to the Maryhill Museum in Goldendale, Wash., which has a full-scale concrete replica of Stonehenge on its grounds. The monument was built by millionaire industrialist Samuel Hill as a tribute to fallen World War I servicemen. The museum let the researchers make their measurements with more sensitive instruments, powered by on-site generators. The same balloon-popping technique was used, and the readings confirmed the reverberation pattern that the team found at the real Stonehenge.

This is a video that illustrates acoustic effects at Stonehenge. The Maryhill Museum's concrete replica of Stonehenge is acoustically stimulated by a loudspeaker playing simple short bass drum beats at the resonant frequency of the space, in time to echoes heard there. This sets up resonance in the space, or standing waves.

"For an outdoor space, the stone circle exhibits quite a 'live' acoustic environment," Fazenda said. "In the Neolithic, such an environment was not very common at all. The only spaces that might sustain reverberation were caves and perhaps some natural features such as opposing cliff faces."

Fazenda said the echo effect would be much more like what you hear in a cathedral than in a concert hall.

"The center of the space has potential for some focusing effects," he said. "That's the point where all reflections arrive at the same time, and with the largest gap relative to direct sound. On paper we would expect that to sound striking. However, there are quite a lot of scattering effects from the stones, so the clear echoes are somewhat destroyed by it."

He stressed that it's not at all clear whether Stonehenge was designed with the acoustics in mind, but he and his colleagues do think that the setting would have added a special something to drumbeats, chants or music inside the stone circle. ??

'Research hobby'
Fazenda, who teaches audio production at Salford, has been working on this project for the past four years on an unfunded basis. "It has been a kind of 'research hobby' that I have managed to do after hours (don't really call it spare time)," he wrote. He believes the project could break new ground in the field of archaeoacoustics ? the study of the sound characteristics of ancient spaces.

"The original focus was on studying the acoustic response of the space," he said. "The recent output has been that we replicated it using wavefield synthesis, which immerses you in a sound field, thus giving you the most approximate aural experience that you could get of being in the space. That was shown at a few recent events, and we have a permanent demo in our labs here at Salford. A wavefield synthesis system uses +64 channels and speakers, so it is not really portable."

Such a system can be tuned to provide a virtual-reality sense of the sounds of Stonehenge, as well as the sounds of other ancient settings that are no longer configured the way they were in their heyday. Want to hear the roar of the crowd in the Roman Colosseum? There's a wavefield synthesis app for that.

Fazenda is preparing a paper on his "research hobby" for Acta Acustica, the journal of the European Acoustics Association. He's also writing a chapter for a book on the acoustics and music of British prehistory. (For more on that subject, check out the website of the Acoustics and Music of British Prehistory Research Network.)

You can expect to hear more about the sounds of Stonehenge in the months and years ahead. In the meantime, give a listen to these sound files, and follow the Web links for more about archaeoacoustics.

Stonehenge sound files:

More about archaeoacoustics:


Alan Boyle is msnbc.com's science editor. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by "liking" the log's Facebook page, following @b0yle on Twitter or adding Cosmic Log's Google+ page to your circle. You can also check out "The Case for Pluto," my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for other worlds.

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Laura Silver: The Knish Lives in Israel

In honor of Israeli Independence Day, some reflections on my search for an ancestral food in the Jewish homeland.

Israel, on my first visit in 1994, was teeming pitas, tomato-and-cucumber breakfasts and fresh-squeezed Jerusalem juices. (How did they pull milk from plump shriveled dates?)

At my cousins' house, Cohava shuttled cutlets and salads of cucumbers, beets and zucchini to the porch and introduced each dish in French, easier for me to understand than Hebrew. Her husband asked me questions about each branch of the family tree. Yiddishized words got untangled and enunciated. Family was not mishpoche, but mish-pa-CHA. Even coziness sounded gruff.

Outside the suburbs of Haifa, at Kibbutz Ramat Yochanan, I worked behind the scenes in the dining hall. The Egyptian-Jewish cook thumped smoke flavoring from industrial containers to a plastic vat of eggplant innards. More smoke flavor. More. More. Babganush, I later learned, was called hatzilim or eggplants in Hebrew, which sounded like haloutzim or pioneers. Each time I went back to Israel, the food and the people became less foreign. I learned words for soft cheese, pastries and drinks. Caf? hafouch, upside-down coffee, seemed to make the most sense: a foamy latte with a definitive band of white.

Still, I could not find a cornerstone of my culinary upbringing. The knish seemed to be as absent from Israel as the Yiddish language. Janna Gur, editor of the Israeli food magazine Al HaShulchan (On the Table), confirmed some of my suspicions in an e-mail:

"Indeed knishes are quite rare here. Your best bet would be Bnei Brak and Mea Shearim Quarter in Jerusalem, time capsules of the Eastern European Shtetl. There are quite a few delis that sell Ashkenazi classics, including knishes."

On a trip to Warsaw I found a through line to the Israeli knish. At the Singer Festival for Jewish Culture, I sat next to a Polish-born Israeli woman who told me her aunt had played the Yiddish theater in Poland and later baked knishes in Tel Aviv.

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Bella Sherman, 87, arrived in Israel in 1948, and started working at Caf? Batya, an Ashkenazi-style restaurant that predated the founding of the Jewish state. She remembered that Batya's husband hid weapons from the Haganah (the Jewish paramilitary organization during the pre-statehood times of the British Mandate of Palestine) in cauldrons in the kitchen. Bella worked there for seven and a half years and remembered the knish recipe:

"The dough has to be elastic, if the flour is too dry, you add some water to it," she told me. "You knead the dough, make it as thin as a table-cloth, that's what we call it too, "a table cloth of dough" (mapat batzek in Hebrew) then you put the meat, not at the center but all around, then use a glass to press around it... the size depends on what you fill it with."

Guidelines and traditions that gave way to improvisation. And so my relationship with Israel: different forms, shapes, aftertastes and emotions that run the gamut from hot to cold to lukewarm. But, always, a gut feeling.

?

Follow Laura Silver on Twitter: www.twitter.com/knishme

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(Photo) NBA: Brandon Jennings Got What Restaurant Tattooed on Him?!

I know Brandon Jennings is a wild card but this tattoo is just ummm? I have no words. ?Check it out after the jump.

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I?ve seen some pretty dumb tattoos before but this is really up there. ?Maybe he has a deep love for Roscoe?s Chicken & Waffles that I?m unaware of; hopefully he gets a lifetime supply from this. ?There goes your silver lining :)

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MIND Reviews: Imagine: How Creativity Works

Image:

Imagine: How Creativity Works
by Jonah Lehrer. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012

What do Toy Story II, Post-It Notes and West Side Story have in common? According to Lehrer, they all emerged from a unique combination of context, circumstance and attitude?the stuff of creativity.

In Lehrer?s new book, Imagine, the prolific sci?ence writer delves into one of the most familiar?and mysterious?capacities of the human mind: the ?ability to imagine what has never existed.? Through a whirlwind tour of innovative personalities, Lehrer covers various facets of creative thinking: the importance of casual conversations that can lead to unexpected ideas, the value of debate and criticism in challenging our assumptions, and the necessity of focusing our attention on a single task. He introduces us to a Pixar computer animator in Silicon Valley who finds his greatest insights when his ideas are ripped to shreds at daily group meetings and to an autistic surfer whose obsession and comfort with the ocean lets him improvise moves never seen before.

Creativity, as Lehrer describes, is not an individual ?gift,? a lucky trait that some people are just born with; it comes from a combination of processes. He highlights what spurs crea?tivity on a small scale, noting, for instance, that a small fold of tissue in the brain called the anterior superior temporal gyrus (what he calls the ?neural correlate of insight?) becomes active seconds before an epiphany. He steadily works all the way up to a large scale, discussing how serendipitous meetings in a sprawling metropolis can spark innovation by exposing us to unfamiliar ideas.

Lehrer also sprinkles in useful tips to feed our own imagination. Feeling stuck? Go for a walk or take a warm bath. According to a British scientist, interruptions are crucial to forming new ideas because the mental break lets your brain turn inward to notice stray thoughts and insights. Or consider painting the walls blue: one study sug?gests the color can double your creative output by triggering associations with the sky and the ocean. The mental relax?ation associated with these natural milieus helps to stimulate our imagination.

The research that Lehrer describes defies conventional wisdom. The traditional form of brainstorming?free association with only positive feedback?might seem productive, but it does not work. Creativity actually thrives on criticism and debate because it forces us to engage with new ideas.

For a book about creativity, Lehrer?s approach can often feel formulaic: an anecdote here, some history there, a few scientific studies interspersed. Even so, the book is compre?hensive, presenting a clear picture of our current scientific understanding of creativity. By exploring the moving parts of creative genius, Lehrer allows us to see what makes our own imagination tick.


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The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh dedicating the Guru Gobind Singh Refinery to the Nation, in Bathinda, Punjab on April 28, 2012. The Governor of Punjab, Shri Shivraj Patil, the Union Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas, Shri Jaipal Reddy, the Chi

The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh dedicating the Guru Gobind Singh Refinery to the Nation, in Bathinda, Punjab on April 28, 2012. The Governor of Punjab, Shri Shivraj Patil, the Union Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas, Shri Jaipal Reddy, the Chief Minister of Punjab, Shri Prakash Singh Badal, the Minister of State for Petroleum and Natural Gas and Corporate Affairs, Shri R.P.N. Singh and other dignitaries are also seen.

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Simple Guide On Preventing Hair Loss From Happening

People have always found ways to solve their problems. When a problem arises, someone will set out to find a solution for it. The article below will let you in on some of the solutions available for hair loss.

Because many are convinced of the power of aloe vera in staving off hair loss, you may wish to see if it works for you. All that is required is an application of Aloe to your scalp prior to sleeping every night. The aloe vera will strengthen hair and promote hair growth.

Avoid overworking your hair with heat, chemicals and rough treatments. Always use hair products with moisturizing and high quality ingredients. To avoid split ends, get your hair professionally cut on a regular basis.

To counter the loss of hair and help stimulate growth, scrubbing the scalp can be quite effective. Using a brush with firm bristles, massage your scalp in circular motions. Don?t do it to the point of pain, but do it hard enough without hurting yourself. This action will stimulate blood circulation and, therefore, bring nutrients to your scalp for hair growth.

Not all baldness can be cured through medication; believing this can just get you discouraged. They could work, but you could also be out a lot of money and time.

Eat some more spicy foods to help improve circulation and avoid hair loss. The capsicum in cayenne pepper can strengthen your hair follicles, and stimulate your hair growth. It also contains Vitamin A, a vitamin good for general health maintenance and a reduced risk of hair issues.

Emu oil on the hair and scalp is an effective treatment for hair loss. Apply the oil to your scalp every night before bed.

Most women who suffer from hair loss have hormonal imbalances. Hormones that are out of their delicate balance, from medications or diet, can easily cause loss of hair. Even therapy for hormone replacement can sometimes create a temporary hormonal imbalance. If you struggle with thinning hair, consult your doctor to see if your hormone levels may at least be partly to blame.

For men that suffer excessive hair loss, liquid saw palmetto is a good non-prescription treatment to try. Saw palmetto extract will lower the levels of DHT, the male hormone that is believed to cause loss of hair. The juice can be squeezed from the fruit and put directly into your hair.

Hair loss can result in many negative emotions. Now, after reading the tips from above and seeing how much they can be of help to you, you are now on the path to living a happy life, with hair or without. If you use these tips every day, you?ll benefit the most.

Sotong Sakidi has already written so many books about hair growth for Omni Hospital. He has published so many articles, especially about ?why is my hair falling out?. He really wants to share some natural hair growth tips for all of you.

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Obama slow jam on 'Fallon' just a taste of 'epic' social media war ahead

President Obama's slow jam on 'Jimmy Fallon' shows how candidates will try to become part of clips that will be passed around on social media. A huge social media effort by MoveOn.org also shows how Election 2012 may play out online.

A new campaign by the liberal political action group?MoveOn.org?to place an ad on the Facebook page of every college student in the US is the opening shot of what some experts are calling a ?truly epic war." The result, they say, will see social-media use in Election 2012 become far more savvy and sophisticated than it was four years ago.

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The campaign, which is launching this week, starts with the student loan issue. MoveOn.org is raising money to target every potential youth vote with an interest in keeping loan rates from doubling in July.

?This is a curtain raiser for what to expect in the general?election this year,? says Kevin Phelan, managing director for North America at the Meltwater Group, a social media monitoring software firm in Boston.

While social media have been playing ever-larger roles in political campaigns, ?the technology available today versus four years ago is so advanced that the battle waged by the two camps should be epic,??he adds.

A key priority is a steadily increasing ability to microtarget potential voters as well as supporters and ?influencers? ? the social media-savvy partisans who can be leveraged for their wide-ranging contacts, says Mr. Phelan.

His firm has spent the past year working with some 100 different companies, all prepping for this final push. he says, noting advancements in "social media monitoring," known as CRM, ?to gather passionate advocates and analytics will allow these digital natives to stay behind the scenes but still have a major impact on the election and media.?

The explosion of companies devoted to ?scraping,? whereby computers gather and collate the tiniest bit of information about online activities, has allowed them to create a digital profile for virtually every Internet user, he says.

?So, if you have 600 friends and you have mentioned even once that you support Obama, for instance,? that campaign has the ability to track and target you in virtually your every online move to determine how and when you might be useful in getting their word out, he says.

?It may not be things we haven?t dreamt of,? says David Jackson, associate political science professor at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, ?but it will be much more sophisticated than we have seen before.?

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